AOTD

What is the endocannabinoid system?

1. Atakan, Z. “Cannabis, a complex plant: different compounds and different effects on individuals.” Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology 2012; 2(6): 241-54
2. Battista, Natalia; Meccariello, Rosaria; Cobellis, Gilda; Fasano, Silvia; Di Tommaso, Monia; Pirazzi, Valentina; Konje, Justin C; Pierantoni, Riccardo;Maccarrone, Mauro The role of endocannabinoids in gonadal function and fertility along the evolutionary axis. Molecular and Cellular Endocrin. Vol 355, issue 1, May 2012;1-14
3. Bellocchio L, Cervino C, Pasquali R, Pagotto U. (June 2008). The endocannabinoid system and energy metabolism. J. Neuroendocrinol. 20 (6): 850–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01728.x. PMID 18601709
4. Cottone E, Pomatto V, Bovolin P. Role of the Endocannabinoid System in the Central Regulation of Nonmammalian Vertebrate Reproduction. Int J Endocrinol. 2013: 941237.
5. Di Marzo V. The endocannabinoid system: its general strategy of action, tools for its pharmacological manipulation and potential therapeutic exploitation. Pharmacological Research. 2009; 60(2):77–84.
6. Maccarrone M, Gasperi V, Catani MV, Diep TA, Dainese E, Hansen HS, Avigliano L. The endocannabinoid system and its relevance for nutrition. Annu Rev Nutr 2010 08/21;30(1545-4312; 0199-9885):423-40.
7. Mackie K, Stella N. Cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoids: evidence for new players. AAPS J. 2006;8(2):E298-306.
8. Serrano A, Parsons LH. Endocannabinoid influence in drug reinforcement, dependence and addiction-related behaviors. Pharmacol Ther. 2011;132(3):215-41.

What are the components of the endocannabinoid system?

1. Atakan, Z. “Cannabis, a complex plant: different compounds and different effects on individuals.” Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology 2012; 2(6): 241-54.
2. Di Marzo V and De Petrocellis L. Endocannabinoids as regulators of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels: A further opportunity to develop new endocannabinoid-based therapeutic drugs. Curr Med Chem, 2010; 17(14): 1430-49.
3. Mackie K, Stella N. Cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoids: evidence for new players. AAPS J. 2006;8(2):E298-306.

What are the two most well studied endocannabinoids?

1. Di Marzo V and De Petrocellis L. Endocannabinoids as regulators of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels: A further opportunity to develop new endocannabinoid-based therapeutic drugs. Curr Med Chem, 2010; 17(14): 1430-49.
2. Freund TF, Katona I, and Piomelli D. Role of endogenous cannabinoids in synaptic signaling. Physiol Rev, 2003; 83(3): 1017-66.
3. Hillard CJ, Manna S, Greenberg MJ, DiCamelli R, Ross RA, Stevenson LA, Murphy V, Pertwee RG, and Campbell WB. Synthesis and characterization of potent and selective agonists of the neuronal cannabinoid receptor (CB1). J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1999; 289(3): 1427-33.

What are the receptors of the endocannabinoid system?

1. Atakan, Z. “Cannabis, a complex plant: different compounds and different effects on individuals.” Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology 2012; 2(6): 241-54.
2. Di Marzo V and De Petrocellis L. Endocannabinoids as regulators of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels: A further opportunity to develop new endocannabinoid-based therapeutic drugs. Curr Med Chem, 2010; 17(14): 1430-49.

Describe cannabinoid receptor -1.

1. Aggarwal SK. Cannabinergic pain medicine: A concise clinical primer and survey of randomized-controlled trial results. Clin J Pain 2012 02/23;29(1536-5409; 0749-8047; 2):162-71.
2. Atakan, Z. “Cannabis, a complex plant: different compounds and different effects on individuals.” Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology 2012; 2(6): 241-54.
3. Burns HD, Van Laere K, Sanabria-Bohorquez S, et al. [18F]MK-9470, a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for in vivo human PET brain imaging of the cannabinoid-1 receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:9800–9805.
4. Freund TF, Katona I, and Piomelli D. Role of endogenous cannabinoids in synaptic signaling. Physiol Rev, 2003; 83(3): 1017-66.
5. Howlett AC, Blume LC, Dalton GD. CB(1) cannabinoid receptors and their associated proteins. Curr Med Chem. 2010;17(14):1382-93.
6. Ibrahim BM, Abdel-Rahman AA. Cannabinoid receptor 1 signaling in cardiovascular regulating nuclei in the brainstem: A review. J Adv Res. 2013;5(2):137-45.
7. Mackie K. Cannabinoid receptors: where they are and what they do. J Neuroendocrinol, 2008; 20 Suppl 1: 10-4.
8. Manzanares J, Julian M, Carrascosa A. Role of the cannabinoid system in pain control and therapeutic implications for the management of acute and chronic pain episodes. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2006;4(3):239-57.
9. Kruk-Slomka M, Dzik A, Budzynska B, Biala G. Endocannabinoid System: the Direct and Indirect Involvement in the Memory and Learning Processes-a Short Review. Mol Neurobiol. 2016;54(10):8332-8347.
10. Serrano A, Parsons LH. Endocannabinoid influence in drug reinforcement, dependence and addiction-related behaviors. Pharmacol Ther. 2011;132(3):215-41.

Describe cannabinoid receptor -2.

1. Guillot A, Hamdaoui N, Bizy A, Zoltani K, Souktani R, Zafrani ES, Mallat A, Lotersztajn S, and Lafdil F. Cannabinoid receptor 2 counteracts interleukin-17-induced immune and fibrogenic responses in mouse liver. Hepatology, 2014; 59(1): 296-306.
2. Maresz K, Carrier EJ, Ponomarev ED, Hillard CJ, and Dittel BN. Modulation of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor in microglial cells in response to inflammatory stimuli. J Neurochem, 2005; 95(2): 437-45.
3. Maresz K, Pryce G, Ponomarev ED, Marsicano G, Croxford JL, Shriver LP, Ledent C, Cheng X, Carrier EJ, Mann MK, Giovannoni G, Pertwee RG, Yamamura T, Buckley NE, Hillard CJ, Lutz B, Baker D, and Dittel BN. Direct suppression of CNS autoimmune inflammation via the cannabinoid receptor CB1 on neurons and CB2 on autoreactive T cells. Nat Med, 2007; 13(4): 492-7.
4. Pacher P, Kunos G. Modulating the endocannabinoid system in human health and disease–successes and failures. The FEBS journal 2013; 280:1918-43.

Respiratory depression is associated with the overdose of opioids or benzodiazepines. Is respiratory depression associated with the overdose of cannabinoids?

1. Herkenham M, Lynn AB, Little MD, et al. Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990; 87:1932–1936.

What are phytocannabinoids?

1. Atakan Z. “Cannabis, a complex plant: different compounds and different effects on individuals.” Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology 2012; 2(6): 241-54
2. ElSohly, M. A. and W. Gul. 2014. Handbook of cannabis (Chapter 2). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press: P.20.
3. Mehmedic Z, Chandra S, Slade D, et al. Potency trends of Δ9-THC and other cannabinoids in confiscated cannabis preparations from 1993 to 2008. J Forensic Sci. 2010;55(5):1209-1217.

The terms cannabis, marijuana and hemp are often used interchangeably; however, the terms actually have different meanings. What is cannabis? What is marijuana? What is hemp? Is the hemp plant a cannabis plant?

1. Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018, HR2, Subtitle G-Hemp Production, Sec. 297A (Definitions) (2018). https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/2/text?format=txt Accessed 1/2/19.
2. Fortenbery TR, Bennett M. Opportunities for Commercial Hemp Production. Review of Agricultural Economics, 2004, 26 (1), 97–117.
3. Hazekamp A, Fischedick JT. Cannabis–from cultivar to chemovar. Drug Testing and Analysis, 2012; 4 (special issue): 660-7.
4. Kane B. Medical Marijuana: the continuing story. Ann Intern Med.2001; 134(12):1159-1162
5. Pollio A. The Name of Cannabis: A Short Guide for Non-botanists. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2016;1(1):234-238.

What are terpenes (terpenoids)?

1. Russo EB. Taming THC:potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects. Br J of Pharmacolo. 2011;163(7):1344-1364. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.

Briefly describe the health effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.

1. ElSohly, M. A. and W. Gul. 2014. Handbook of cannabis (Chapter 2). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press: P.20.

In 2017, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine(NASEM) published the Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. Did the results of the research indicate that cannabis-based products are effective?

1. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: The current state of evidence and recommendations for research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24625.